Circuit Breaker

Problem

A dependency is completely unavailable. Thousands of requests continue calling it, waiting for timeouts and consuming resources. Nothing useful is happening.

Solution — Circuit Breaker

After enough failures, stop calling temporarily.
Closed → failures → Open
                     ↓
                don't call
                     ↓
                 try later
Core idea: a circuit breaker stops wasting resources on a dependency known to be failing.